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Decasyllabic quatrain
Decasyllabic quatrain is a term used for a poetic form in which each stanza consists of four lines of ten syllables each, usually with a rhyme scheme of AABB or ABAB. Examples of the decasyllabic quatrain in heroic couplets appear in some of the earliest texts in the English language, as Geoffrey Chaucer created the heroic couplet and used it in ''The Canterbury Tales''.〔 Hobsbaum, Philip. ''Metre, Rhythm and Verse Form''. Routledge (1996) p.23〕 The alternating form came to prominence in late 16th-Century English poetry and became fashionable in the 17th Century when it appeared in heroic poems by William Davenant and John Dryden. In the 18th Century famous poets such as Thomas Gray continued to use the form in works such as "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard".〔 Saintsbury, George. ''A History of English Prosody from the Twelfth Century to the Present Day''.Macmillan and Co. (1908) p.362〕〔 Marshall,John. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Orlando John Stevenson. ''Select Poems: Being the Literature Prescribed for the Junior Matriculation and Junior Leaving Examinations, 1905''. Copp, Clark Co. (1905) p.191〕 Shakespearean Sonnets, comprising 3 quatrains of iambic pentameter followed by a final couplet, as well as later poems in blank verse have displayed the various uses of the decasyllabic quatrain throughout the history of English Poetry.〔Gwynne Blakemore and Anthony Hect. ''The Sonnets'' by William Shakespeare. Cambridge University Press (1996) p.11〕
==Heroic Quatrain==
The decasyllabic quatrain with an alternating rhyme scheme is often referred to as the "heroic quatrain", the "heroic stanza" or the "four-line stave".〔 Arnold, Thomas. ''A Manual of English Literature, Historical and Critical''. Ginn & Company (1891) p.530〕 It came to prominence in the poem ''Nosce Teipsum'' by Sir John Davies in 1599. Although the use of ten-syllable lines had existed long before Davies's poems, the most common usage for the decasyllabic form was in the heroic couplet, where two lines of iambic pentameter were composed with a rhyme scheme that caused the vowel sound at the end of each line to correspond with the vowel sound of the line immediately following it.〔 Courthope, John. ''A History of English Poetry''. Macmillan (1903). p.61〕 Hence, a quatrain formed of heroic couplets would have a scheme of AABB. However, ''Nosce teipsum'' used a variation of the form wherein the couplets were separated by interjected lines, causing the scheme to gain complexity.〔
Following the publication of ''Nosce Teipsum'', other poets in the English language also began to break free from the heroic couplet in their longer works. In 1650 William Davenant published the preface to his epic poem ''Gondibert'', which was intended to contain five parts, similar to a five-act play.〔 Thompson, Hamilton. "Sir William D’Avenant; Gondibert" in ''The Cambridge History of English and American Literature''. Volume III.12 〕 In letter to Davenant, Thomas Hobbes, whom Davenant had met in Paris as a Royalist in exile, stated that he believed the poetic form Davenant intended to use in his poem would greatly change the course of poetry by opening up new possibilities for poetic expression. However, Hobbes freely admitted that he knew little about poetry before he attempted to explain his thoughts on literary theory.〔〔 McColley, Diane Kelsey. ''Poetry and Ecology in the Age of Milton and Marvell''. Ashgate Publishing (2007) p.28〕 While Hobbes praised Davenant's intention to write a poem of the scope of ''Gondibert'', the work was never completed, and Davenant's most significant contribution to the development of the form came from his influence on Dryden, who would prove to be the decasyllabic quatrain's most prominent practitioner.〔
When Dryden published Annus Mirabilis in 1667, the form he used for the long poem was that of the decasyllabic quatrain. The poem achieved prominence quickly, as it discussed the year of 1666, during which many disasters had plagued the people of England. The poem contained 1216 lines of verse in 304 stanzas, each with a period at the end to show a "completeness" in each stanza.〔 Ward, A.W. ''The Cambridge History of English and American Literature''. "Dryden: Annus Mirabilis". Volume 8.5: The Age of Dryden.〕 While the form had achieved fame with other poets of Dryden's era and was considered "fashionable" by figures of the literary world,〔 Dryden's poem quickly became known as the standard-bearer of the genre.〔
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